OUTLINE - MUSCLE MECHANICS
I. Single Joint Muscle Model
A. Axis
B. Muscle Force
C. Resistance Force
II. Roles of Muscle Force
A. Stabilizing
B. Rotary
III. Torque
A. Axis
B. Force
1. Point of Application
2. Line of Action
C. Moment Arm
D. Equation
1. Torque = Moment Arm x Force
IV. Single Joint Muscle Model - Revisited
A. Axis
B. Muscle Torque
1. Muscle Moment Arm
2. Muscle Force
D. Torque created by the stabilizing component of the muscle force
E. Torque created by the rotary component of the muscle force
V. Rotation of a Segment
A. Net effect (torque)
B. Muscle Torque
C. Resistance Torque
1. Resistance Moment Arm
2. Resistance Force
VI. Muscular Actions - Revisited
A. Isometric
B. Concentric
C. Eccentric
VII. Angle of Pull
A. Relationship with the Muscle Moment Arm
VIII. Resistance Training
A. Dynamic versus Variable Resistance
B. Free weight versus Pulley systems
IX. Directional Nature of Torques
X. Levers
A. Components
1. Axis
2. Motive Torque
a. Moment Arm
b. Force
3. Resistive Torque
a. Moment Arm
b. Force
B. Mechanical Advantage
C. Classes
1. First
2. Second
3. Third
XI. Pulleys
XII. Summary
MUSCLE TORQUE
(T
M = MAM x FM)
I. Muscle Moment Arm
A. Anatomical Structure
B. Joint Angle
II. Muscle Tension/Force
A. Excitation Factors
1. Recruitment
2. Discharge Rate - Rate Coding
3. Discharge Pattern
B. Muscle Structure
1. Muscle Size
a. Total # of fibers
b. Number of Motor Units
1. Size (Innervation Ratio) of each motor unit
2. Muscle Types
a. Fiber Types
1. FG/IIb
2. FOG/IIa
3. SO/I
b. Motor Unit Types
1. FF
2. FR
3. S
3. Muscle Architecture
a. Pennate
b. Non-pennate
C. Muscle Mechanics
1. Length/Tension relationship
2. Force/Velocity relationship
3. Prestretch or Stretch/Shortening phenomenon
D. Resistance Training can increase the capacity of the muscle to generate tension